Japanska policija vodenim topovima hladi reaktor 4

14:38h bulldog zato Fra ima 54 nuklearke.... _______________________ 58. Molimo, budite precizni. ADMIN.

pogledajmo sada koja je letalna doza LD http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/basic-ref/glossary/lethal-dose-ld.html

Ova događanja u Japanu zastrašuju, te sa sigurnošću zabrinjavaju, prije svega same Japance, a poslije i sve nas obične smrtnike.

Mi držati čitanje o millisieverts zračenja se emitiraju iz Fukushima-Daiichi nuklearnih reaktora. Millisievert (mSv) je mjera apsorpcije zračenja od strane ljudskog tijela. Najveći čitanje jučer je navodno na nalog od 400 millisieverts sat. TV emitira u više navrata, rekao je razina 167 puta prosječni ljudski godišnja doza. Je li to značajan? Da, to je. Ali samo ako ste u elektrane. Jug, u Tokiju, razine radijacije su navodno 20 puta veća od normalne. Zvuči zastrašujuće. No, čak 20 puta vrlo malen broj je još uvijek malen broj. Da li stanovnici Tokija imati ništa brinuti, a kamoli panika oko? Ne još. Kao što ću objasniti u nastavku, najbolji način za japanska da se bave ovim extra doze nije za paniku ili napustiti grad. Umjesto toga, jednostavno odustati od cigareta za vrijeme katastrofe ili samo foregoe da sljedeći dental x-ray. Neki pozadini: prosječna osoba dobiva oko 2,4 millisieverts (mSv) za izloženosti radijaciji godine. Zračenje se emitiraju iz svih vrsta izvora. Kozmičke zrake, radon, x-zrake, brazil nuts, granit. Samo žive u high-elevacije grada kao što je Denver dobiva li veću dozu, jer ima manje atmosferu blokirati zračenje. Granit u Grand Central Station i uran-laced kamen se koristi za izgradnju US Capitol Building navodno odaju dovoljno zračenja da li su nuklearne elektrane, da ne bi prošla licenciranje. Evo nekoliko stvari na umu: Chest x-ray: 0,04 mSv jednu dozu Kozmičke zrake: 0,24 mSv godišnje Pušenje 1,5 omot dan: 13 mSv godišnje (lišće duhana apsorbirati izotopa kao što raste) Posadu leta radni put u New York-Tokio: 9 mSv godišnje Živim u blizini Černobila kada je rastopljeni dolje: 450 mSv kumulativno tijekom nekoliko dana 50% vjerojatnost od smrti u roku od mjesec dana: 5.000 mSv jednu dozu U blizini sigurne smrti u roku od mjesec dana: 10.000 mSv jednu dozu Zato što je Tokyo suočava sada? Očitanja jučer su mjereni na visinama od oko 1 microsievert po satu. To je microsievert, od kojih je 1.000 po 1 millisievert. Tako Tokyo stanovnici su uzimajući 0,001 mSv sat, ako oni na otvorenom. To je otprilike koliko po satu zračenja što je pušenje jedne cigarete (oko 0,0008 mSv po stražnjica). Znam cigarete su izvrsna suočavanje mehanizam u razdobljima stresa, ali dragi Tokyoites, samo molim vas prestati pušiti za vrijeme trajanja katastrofa, i te bi trebao biti u redu ovo je iz Forbesa: koja glupost. mjere milisieverte godišnje, a ovi jadnici u Tokyu po satu se ozračuju. nitko tokyosima ne veli: dakle ovo je drugi dan katastrofe, to je 29 milisieverta puta 48 sati i to je godišnje otprilike 1400 milisieverta što znači da nećeš doživjeti 2020 i čelav ćeš biti...

to je ono što ja stalno govorim. dakle letalna doza je 10.000 msieverta što znači 10.000 podijeljeno sa (24 sata odn jednim danom puta 20 msiverta po satu jeste 480) daje 20,84 dana?! prosječan stanovnik tokya može živjeti pod radijacijomm od 20msieverta 20 dana i onda je primio smrtnu dozu. dzizs fkn šit

Citat iz clanka: 14.40 sati Japan je povisio maksimalnu dozvoljenu dozu radijacije za radnike u nuklearnim elektranama sa 100 na 250 mikrosiverta, prenosi BBC. Odluku je opravdao kao \"neizbježnu s obzirom na okolnosti\". Za usporedbu, u NE Krško, prema službenimm podacima, maksimalna godišnja dozvoljena doza je 50 mikrosiverta. ******************************************************************************** Vjerovatno se radi o zabuni. Godisnja dozvoljena doza u NE Krško nece biti 50 mikrosiverta, nego 50 milisiverta (mSv). U Njemackoj je jos prije stanovitog vremena godisnja dozvoljena doza (maksimum), smanjena sa istih 50 mSv na 20 mSv (milisiverta). Prosjecna godisnja doza svakog covjeka (zracenje sunca, zracenje iz zemlje itd), iznosi otprilike 2 mSv = 2 milisiverta na godinu. 2 mSv = 2000 µSv 2 milisiverta = 2000 mikrosiverta

ok 60 cpm countera per minute na radex geigeru iznosi 1 becquerel. DokaZ: Counts per minute (cpm) is a measure of radioactivity. It is the number of atoms in a given quantity of radioactive material that are detected to haveave decayed in one minute. Disintegrations per minute (dpm) is also a measure of radioactivity. It is the number of atoms in a given quantity of radioactive material that decay in one minute. Dpm is similar to cpm, however the efficiency of the radiation detector (e.g. scintillation counter) must be accounted for when analysing data in cpm. Dpm is the number of atoms that have decayed, not the number of atoms that have been measured as decayed. Dpm is commonly used as a measure of radioactive contamination. * One becquerel (Bq) is equal to one disintegration per second, or 60 dpm

Sievert je opet obmana - nazivni termin se koristi u medicini a ne u radiološkoj opasnosti ili vojnoj doktrini. sievert i grey su 1. dakle vrijede jednako. Sievert From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Split section Itt has been suggested that some sections of this article be split into a new article titled Radiation levels. (Discuss) (March 2011) The sievert (symbol: Sv) is the SI derived unit of dose equivalent. It attempts to quantitatively evaluate the biological effects of ionizing radiation as opposed to the physical aspects, which are characterised by the absorbed dose, measured in gray. It is named after Rolf Sievert, a Swedish medical physicist renowned for work on radiation dosage measurement and research into the biological effects of radiation. Contents [hide] * 1 Definition * 2 SI multiples and conversions * 3 Dose Examples o 3.1 Single Dose Examples o 3.2 Hourly Dose Examples o 3.3 Yearly Dose Examples o 3.4 Lifetime Dose Examples * 4 Symptom benchmarks * 5 Explanation * 6 Q values * 7 N values * 8 Spelling * 9 See also * 10 References [edit] Definition The equivalent dose to a tissue is found by multiplying the absorbed dose, in gray, by a dimensionless \"quality factor\" Q, dependent upon radiation type, and by another dimensionless factor N, dependent on all other pertinent factors. N depends upon the part of the body irradiated, the time and volume over which the dose was spread, even the species of the subject. Together, Q and N constitute the radiation weighting factor, WR . Q is the same thing as the Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE). For an organism composed of multiple tissue types a weighted sum or integral is often used. (In 2002, the CIPM decided that the distinction between Q and N causes too much confusion and therefore deleted the factor N from the definition of absorbed dose in the SI brochure. [1].) In terms of SI base units: 1 Sv = 1 J/kg = 1 m2/s2 = 1 m2·s–2 Although the sievert has the same dimensions as the gray (i.e. joules per kilogram), it measures a different quantity. To avoid confusion between the absorbed dose and the equivalent dose, the corresponding special units, namely the gray for absorbed dose and the sievert for the dose equivalent, are used. For a given amount of radiation (measured in gray - the plural of gray is gray), the biological effect (measured in sievert) can vary considerably as a result of the radiation weighting factor WR. This variation in effect is attributed to the Linear Energy Transfer [LET] of the type of radiation, creating a different relative biological effectiveness for each type of radiation under consideration. Per most government regulations, the RBE [Q] for electron and photon radiation is 1, and varies for other types of radiation (see below). [edit] SI multiples and conversions Frequently used SI multiples are the millisievert (1 mSv = 10−3 Sv = 0.001 Sv) and microsievert (1 μSv = 10−6 Sv = 0.000001 Sv). An older unit of the equivalent dose is the rem. In some fields and countries, the rem and millirem (abbreviated mrem) continue to be used along with Sv and mSv, causing confusion. Here are the conversion equivalences: * 1 Sv = 1000 mSv (millisieverts) = 1,000,000 μSv (microsieverts) = 100 rem = 100,000 mrem (millirem) * 1 mSv = 100 mrem = 0.1 rem * 1 μSv = 0.1 mrem * 1 rem = 0.01 Sv = 10 mSv * 1 mrem = 0.00001 Sv = 0.01 mSv = 10 μSv [edit] Dose Examples [edit] Single Dose Examples * Eating one banana: 0.0001 mSv * Dental radiography: 0.005 mSv[1] * Average dose to people living within 16km of Three Mile Island accident: 0.08 mSv; maximum dose: 1 mSv[2] * Mammogram: 3 mSv[1] * Brain CT scan: 0.8–5 mSv[3] * Chest CT scan: 6–18 mSv[3] * Gastrointestinal series X-ray investigation: 14 mSv[4] [edit] Hourly Dose Examples * Highest recorded radiation at reactor 2, Fukushima I: 8 mSv/hr[5] * Recorded radiation at Fukushima I on March 15–16: 3–10 mSv/hr * Highest recorded radiation at Fukushima I: 1000 mSv/hr * Highest recorded radiation at Fukushima I: Reactor No. 3 - 1000 mSv/hr briefly on March 16, 2011 [6] * Highest recorded radiation at Fukushima I: Gate Area - 11 mSv/hr briefly on March 16, 2011 [7] * Typical dose near Chernobyl reactor 4 and its fragments, shortly after explosion: ≈ 10 000–300 000 mSv/hr [edit] Yearly Dose Examples * Living near a nuclear power station: 0.0001–0.01 mSv/year[4][8] * Living near a coal power station: 0.0003 mSv/year[8] * Cosmic radiation (from sky) at sea level: 0.24 mSv/year[4] * Terrestrial radiation (from ground): 0.28 mSv/year[4] * Natural radiation in the human body: 0.40 mSv/year[4] * Typical individual\'s natural background radiation: 2 mSv/year; 1.5 mSv/year for Australians, 3-6 mSv/year for Americans[9][10] * New York-Tokyo flights for airline crew: 9 mSv/year[9] * Radon in the average US home: 2 mSv/year[4] * Smoking 1.5 packs/day: 13 mSv/year[11] * Current average limit for nuclear workers: 20 mSv/year[9] * Background radiation in parts of Iran, India and Europe: 50 mSv/year[9] * Lowest clearly carcinogenic level: 100 mSv/year[9] * Elevated limit for workers during Fukushima emergency: 250 mSv/year[12] [edit] Lifetime Dose Examples * Criterion for relocation after Chernobyl disaster: 350 mSv/lifetime[9] [edit] Symptom benchmarks Symptoms of acute radiation (within one day):[13] * 0 – 0.25 Sv (0 - 250 mSv): None * 0.25 – 1 Sv (250 - 1000 mSv): Some people feel nausea and loss of appetite; bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen damaged. * 1 – 3 Sv (1000 - 3000 mSv): Mild to severe nausea, loss of appetite, infection; more severe bone marrow, lymph node, spleen damage; recovery probable, not assured. * 3 – 6 Sv (3000 - 6000 mSv): Severe nausea, loss of appetite; hemorrhaging, infection, diarrhea, skin peels, sterility; death if untreated. * 6 – 10 Sv (6000 - 10000 mSv): Above symptoms plus central nervous system impairment; death expected. * Above 10 Sv (10000 mSv): Incapacitation and death. [edit] Explanation Various terms are used with this unit: * Dose equivalent * Ambient dose equivalent * Directional dose equivalent * Personal dose equivalent * Organ equivalent dose The millisievert is commonly used to measure the effective dose in diagnostic medical procedures (e.g., X-rays, nuclear medicine, positron emission tomography, and computed tomography). The natural background effective dose rate varies considerably from place to place, but typically is around 2.4 mSv/year [2] (pdf). Given the linear no-threshold model of radiation response, the collective dose that a population is exposed to is measured in \"man-Sievert\" (man·Sv).

ok bitno je samo ovo: japanci vele da radioaktivnost nije viša od 25 cpm na sat. to je dakle 1/3bekerela. koliko je to u sievertima ?

Becquerel (Bq) je jedinica aktiviteta nekog radioaktivnog materijala, a oznacava prosjecan broj atoma radioaktivnog raspada u sekundi, tog materijala. Sivert (Sv) je jedinica koja oznacava kolicinu radioaktivnog zracenja, a sluzi u svrhu mjerenja primljene (apsorbirane) doze radioaktivnog zracenja bioloskog organizma.

Banana equivalent dose From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search A banana equivalent dose (BED) is a concept[1][2] to place in scale the dangers of radiation by comparing exposures to the radiation generated by a common banana. Manyny foods are naturally radioactive, and bananas are particularly so, due to the radioactive potassium-40 they contain. The banana equivalent dose is the radiation exposure received by eating a single banana. By comparing the exposure from these events to a banana equivalent dose, a more intuitive assessment of the actual risk can sometimes be obtained. The average radioactivity is 130 Bq/kg (3 520 pCi/kg), or roughly 19.2 Bq (520 pCi) per 150 g banana.[3] The equivalent dose for 365 bananas is 36 μSv (3.6 mrems).[4] Bananas are radioactive enough to regularly cause false alarms on radiation sensors used to detect possible illegal smuggling of nuclear material at US ports.[5] Another way to consider the concept is by comparing the risk from radiation-induced cancer to that from cancer from other sources. For instance, a radiation exposure of 100 μSv (10 mrem) increases your risk of death by about one Micromort -- the same risk as eating 40 tablespoons of peanut butter, or of smoking 1.4 cigarettes.[6] Contents [hide] * 1 Comparison to Three Mile Island and Chernobyl * 2 Other foods * 3 See also * 4 References [edit] Comparison to Three Mile Island and Chernobyl After the Three Mile Island nuclear accident, the NRC detected radioactive iodine in local milk at levels of 0.74 Bq/l (20 pCi/l),[7] much less than an equivalent quantity of normal banana. Thus a 12 fl oz glass of the slightly radioactive milk would have about 1/75th BED.[clarification needed] However,[clarification needed] radioactive iodine is exceptionally dangerous to children as it concentrates in the thyroid. Following the Chernobyl disaster, levels of caesium-137 increased by more than 10 fold throughout Europe and wild mushrooms contained radiation with up to an effective dose of 20 μSv/kg[8]. Thus eating 1 kg of mushrooms would have given the same dose as about 200 bananas. [edit] Other foods Nearly all foods are slightly radioactive. All food sources combined expose a person to around 0.4 mSv (40 mrem) per year on average, or more than 10% of the total dose from all natural and man-made sources.[9] Some other foods that have above-average levels are potatoes, kidney beans, nuts, and sunflower seeds.[10] Among the most naturally radioactive food known are brazil nuts, with activity levels that can exceed 444 Bq/kg (12 000 pCi/kg).[11][12]

LD 50/30 skraćenica znači smrtonosna doza zračenja u 50% slučajeva u roku 30 dana - iznosi 4 do 5 sieverta ili 400 do 500 mrema. po nacionalnoj regulatorskoj komisiji sjedinjenih država - vrlo respektabilno tijelo

ne valja, oni lažu - pišu u nanogreyima što nije moguće. premala je jedinica da bih dokazao svoju tvrdnju.

http://www.ornl.gov/sci/env_rpt/aser95/tb-a-2.pdf Dose level Description 1 mrem Approximate daily dose from natural background radiation, including radon 2.5 mrem Cosmic dose to a person on a one-way airplane flight from New York to Los Angeles 10 mrem Annual exposure limit set byy EPA for exposures from airborne emissions from operations of nuclear fuel cycle facilities, including power plants, uranium mines, and mills 45 mrem Average yearly dose from cosmic radiation received by people in the Paducah area 46 mrem Estimate of the largest dose any off-site person could have received from the March 28, 1979, Three Mile Island nuclear accident 66 mrem Average yearly dose to people in the United States from human-made sources 100 mrem Annual limit of dose from all DOE facilities to a member of the public who is not a radiation worker 110 mrem Average occupational dose received by U.S. commercial radiation workers in 1980 244 mrem Average dose from an upper gastrointestinal diagnostic X-ray series 300 mrem Average yearly dose to people in the United States from all sources of natural background radiation 1 to 5 rem Level at which EPA Protective Action Guidelines state that public officials should take emergency action when this is a probable dose to a member of the public from a nuclear accident 5 rem Annual limit for occupational exposure of radiation workers set by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission and DOE 10 rem Estimated level at which an acute dose would result in a lifetime excess risk of death from cancer 0.8% 25 rem EPA guideline for voluntary maximum dose to emergency workers for non-lifesaving work during an emergency 75 rem EPA guideline for maximum dose to emergency workers volunteering for lifesaving work 50 to 600 rem Level at which doses received over a short period of time produce radiation sickness in varying degrees. At the lower end of this range, people are expected to recover completely, given proper medical attention. At the top of this range, most people will die within 60 days Adapted from Savannah River Site Environmental Report for 1993, Summary Pamphlet, WSRC-TR-94-076, Westinghouse Savannah River Company, 1994.

dakle pitanjenije koliko je Greya i Sieverta 1 becquerel. Pitanje je: koliko je becquerela LD letalna doza?

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_poisoning

gdje su sad svi oni naši\"stručnjaci\" koji nas danima uvjeravaju i nazivaju glupima jer kako oni kažu \"nemoguće je da se ponovi černobil\" e pa gospodo \"stručnjaci\" ove je već sada prevazišlo černobil i niste vi nikakvi srtučnjaci već najobičnijii lobisti financirani od nuklearnog lobija za malu državu poput hrvatske bilo bi suludo graditi nuklearke. u slučaju havarije gdje bi mi pobjegli?u srbiju?

http://www.radprocalculator.com/Gamma.aspx evo ga kalkulator ali moramo postaviti izotope na čega ono idu fukušima nuklearke? na plutonij? idemo provjeriti

1. What is the conversion formula from rad to rem or Gray to Sievert? This is not so much a FAQ but a search term that we see every day when viewing website statistics. Many people are searching for Howw do I convert activity to dose or dose-rate? We think that conversion is the wrong term. Conversion usually means, what number do I multiply Ci and Bq by to obtain R, rad, rem and Gy or Sv? What you should be asking is how do a I calculate dose-rate or dose for a given activity of an isotope? It is indeed a complicated calculation, not a simple conversion. There is no number that you multiply Ci and Bq by to get R or rad and Sv or Gy. Different isotopes emit different energy gammas and some emit more than one gamma. At the same rate of emission or decay, an isotope that emits more and higher energy gammas will give a higher rem/hr or Sv/hr. Ci and Bq are based on dpm/sec (dps). Consider the same emission rate (dps) for Cs-137 and Co-60. Co-60 will give you a higher dose-rate and dose because it emits two gammas above 1000 keV where Cs-137 emits only 1 gamma at 661.8 keV. Obviously Co-60 is emitting more electromagnetic energy per decay than Cs-137 which will give one a higher dose-rate in R/hr or Sv/hr. Also, the dose and dose-rate varies with the distance from the source. You cannot convert from Ci and Bq to R, rem or rad and Sv or Gy. You must do a complicated calculation on an isotope by isotope and a distance by distance basis. The formula can be found here. If you can eliminate the word \"convert\" from your question and replace it with \"calculate\", Rad Pro Calculator can give you your answer, here. Rad Pro Calculator also calculates dose-rate in rad/hr and Gy/hr from beta emitter activity here.

1. Što je pretvorba iz formule rad na REM ili sive do sievert? To nije toliko često postavljana pitanja, ali pojam pretraživanja koji vidimo svaki dan kada pregledavate web-statistiku. Mnogi ljudi su u potrazi za Kako pretvoriti aktivnost doza ilii doza-stopu? Mislimo da je pretvorba krivo pojam. Pretvorbe obično znači, što više mogu umnožiti Ci i Bq po dobiti R, rad, REM i Gy ili Sv? Ono što bi trebao biti molba je kako mogu izračunati dozu stopa ili doza za određenu aktivnost izotopa? To je doista složen obračun, a ne jednostavno pretvorbe. Nema broja koji ste umnožiti Ci i Bq po dobiti R ili rad i Sv ili Gy. Različiti izotopi emitiraju različite energije gammas i neke emitiraju više od jednog gama. Po istoj stopi emisije ili propadanja, izotopa koji emitira sve više i više energije gammas će dati veći REM / h ili Sv / h. Ci i Bq temelje se na DPM / sec (DPS). Razmislite o istoj emisije stopa (DPS) za Cs-137 i Co-60. Co-60 će vam dati veću dozu stope i dozu jer emitira dva gammas iznad 1000 keV gdje Cs-137 emitira samo 1 gama na 661,8 keV. Očito Co-60 se emitira više elektromagnetske energije po raspada od Cs-137, koji će dati jedan veću dozu stopa u R / h ili Sv / h. Također, doze i doze stopa varira s udaljenosti od izvora. Ne možete pretvoriti iz Ci i Bq R, REM ili rad i Sv ili Gy. Morate učiniti komplicirano obračun na izotopa od izotopa i udaljenosti od udaljenosti osnovi. Formula može se naći ovdje. Ako možete ukloniti riječ \"pretvoriti\" iz svoje pitanje i zamijeniti ga s \"izračunali\", Rad Pro Kalkulator mogu vam dati svoj odgovor, ovdje. Rad Pro kalkulator izračunava doze stopa u rad / HR i Gy / h iz beta emitera aktivnost ovdje.